Questionnaire Interviews

We asked a few of the questions off our questionnaire to a few people at college in order to help us prepare for the interviews that we would use in our actual documentary and to familiarise ourselves with asking people questions and gathering information on our topic of takeaways. We chose three questions off our questionnaire and asked them to various people around college. The three questions from our questionnaire that we chose were 'How often do you have takeaways?', 'What type of takeaway do you prefer?', and 'If you were on your own, would you choose a takeaway over a home cooked meal?'.

Target Audience Research: The Questionnaire

After the initial decisions on our documentary had been made, we set about doing our target audience research. We decided that our documentary would be mainly aimed at students and teenagers; whilst also being suitable for other ages. We produced a short questionnaire in order to get an idea of our target audience's knowledge on the subject of takeaways and to discover their preferences for certain things such as font and music for use in our documentary. We then gave out our questionnaire via random sampling to get the most fair and unbiased results possible. This would allow us to be able to more closely match our documentary to what our target audience would want to see in it, to make it more appealing and interesting to them. The statistics that we collected in our questionnaire could also come in helpful later on, when we were producing our documentary and interviewing people (an example would be question three: how often do you have takeaways?).

Our questionnaire went as follows. All of the questions were multiple choice and simply required the person doing the questionnaire to circle or mark off their preferred answer. An evaluation of our results; including all of the different options for each question and the number of times each option was selected; follows underneath.

Question 1: What is your gender?
Question 2: How old are you?
Question 3: How often do you have takeaways?
Question 4: Would you have a takeaway as an actual meal, or just as a quick and easy alternative?
Question 5: Do you find takeaways expensive?
Question 6: Do you prefer to get your takeaway delivered, or to pick it up yourself?
Question 7: What type of takeaway do you prefer?
Question 8: Do special offers with takeaways tempt you?
Question 9: Would you usually eat a takeaway with your family, friends, or on your own?
Question 10: What type of takeaway is your least favourite?
Question 11: Do you tend to order the same meal every time, or be adventurous?
Question 12: What is the maximum amount you would spend on a takeaway?
Question 13: Do you buy a drink with your takeaway?
Question 14: Do you usually order a takeaway on a weekday or at the weekend?
Question 15: Generally, are you satisfied with the takeaways that you get?
Question 16: If you were on your own, would you choose a takeaway over cooking a meal yourself?
Question 17: Do you order a takeaway in the day or at night?
Question 18: How often do you watch television?
Question 19: What would be your preferred font for a documentary?
Question 20: Would you prefer a male or female voice-over in a documentary?
Question 21: What genre of music do you think would most match a light hearted documentary?
Question 22: What would be your preferred colour for the graphics of a documentary?

After collecting all of our data - in total, we handed out forty questionnaires and therefore had forty results for each question - I produced pie charts to help to display and compare our results. I then evaluated the results for each question one by one as well as commenting on how the question was useful and relevant to our target audience research and how the information we collected could come in useful later on in the production of our documentary. I also made note of anything that could've been done better on our questionnaires, things that I would change if I was to hand them out again. I have also included some additional comments from our target audience when possible, as some of the people who did our questionnaire left extra notes next to their questions (which we encouraged people to do as it would most likely prove to be useful information).

Question 1: What is your gender?

This was an important question to ask as we had to make sure that we interviewed a fairly even spread of both males and females to get fair and balanced results from our questionnaire - the results show that we interviewed slightly more females (21 females to 19 males), which is almost a 50/50 spread of males and females: this ensures that our results are fair and that the potential different opinions of males and females was accounted for. For example, if we had interviewed only males certain question results such as 'Question 16: If you were on your own, would you choose a takeaway over cooking a meal yourself?' could've been biased as the majority of males would've presumably chosen 'yes'. As our documentary is aimed at both males and females, it was important that we got the opinions of both genders. The only way this question could've been improved would've been if we had interviewed one more male and one less female to get a perfect 50/50 spread of results between males and females.

Question 2: How old are you?

The results for this question show that the majority of people that we gave the questionnaire to were in our target audience of students and teenagers - the 16-20 category is significantly larger than any other. However, the results also show that we got results from people outside of our target audience as our documentary is not completly aimed at students and teenagers and we want it to be suitable for people older than our specific target audience. As we were giving out the majority of our questionnaires in college and due to our target audience being students, we decided that the lowest age on this question would be 16: this raised one problem that could've been improved on, as my 15 year old brother had no category in which he fell under and as a result was unable to complete the questionnaire properly. If I was to do the questionnaires again, I would add a '15 or below' option to cater for people under our target audience age - we want our documentary to be suitable for people under our specific target audience age as well as below it.

Question 3: How often do you have takeaways?

                                                               

I feel that this question was important as it is an example of a collection of data that we collected that we could potentially use in our documentary. However, I feel that the options could've been better - there are options for 'once every month' and 'once every two weeks' but no option for 'once every three weeks' - if I was to do the questionnaires again, I would incorperate this option (nobody that was gave the questionnaire to asked about a 'once every three weeks' option, but it would've most likely given us a more realistic spread of results overall). We decided that anyone who had a takeaway less frequently than once every three months would come under the 'never' category, as we would've had to add many more uneccesary categories otherwise. Our results show that the majority of our target audience has a takeaway on a regular basis, and this gives us confidence in our target audience's reliability on their knowledge of the topic for both when we will do our interviews and for their knowledge behind the rest of their choices on the questionnaires.       

   

Question 4: Would you have a takeaway as an actual meal, or just as a quick and easy alternative?

I feel that this was an important question to ask as it is probably a question of interest to the viewers of our documentary and our target audience; as a result we will consider it as a potential question to ask and answer in our actual documentary. It also shows that our target audience has mixed views on the question: this happened with many questions, and could prove useful when we are doing our interviews as a mixed spread of opinions will make our documentary less biased.   

Question 5: Do you find takeaways expensive?

Again, we gained an interesting spread of results from our target audience. The majority of people said that 'some' takeaways were expensive, although this is not specific as different people would have different opinions on what they consider 'expensive' to be. To tackle this problem, we decided to include another separate question which asked the public about the prices of takeaways (question twelve). Overall, I think such information gained by asking this question could potential prove useful for when we produce our documentary - if we make it more specific, to make sure it is less biased and more informative and useful.

Question 6: Do you prefer to get your takeaway delivered, or to pick it up yourself?

A simple question, one that we could potentially use in our documentary. The concept of having a takeaway delivered is a dominant theme associated with takeaways, so we felt that it was important to incorporate a question about it in our questionnaire so to cover all of the main topics associated with takeaways; what our target audience wants to see. Due to the majority of people preferring to have their takeaway delivered, we will be sure to highly consider including something on deliveries in our documentary, and we have already began finding potential takeaway companies that we could interview.

Question 7: What type of takeaway do you prefer?

This question was important as it shows what kind of takeaways our target audience are most fond of and interested in. When we do interviews for our documentary, it would certainly be best to focus on Chinese food as 50% of the people we asked chose this option, whilst also touching upon Indian, Italian and American food which took up the bulk of the rest of the votes. It would be unwise to put much focus on Mexican food for example, as not a single person said that they preferred this type of takeaway. We must however be sure to not focus our documentary completely around Chinese food as a result of these votes as our documentary is about takeaways as a whole; not just Chinese food. It is essential that we provide unbiased information and include information on other popular types of takeaways so that our documentary is not misleading. 

Question 8: Do special offers with takeaways tempt you?

Again related to the financial side of takeaways, this question considers special offers such as free drinks when a certain amount is spent, therefore further tempting the customer to spend some extra money. This question was important as special offers are something that people commonly associate with takeaways. This is another question that we could potentially ask people on the street when we are doing our interviews.

Question 9: Would you usually eat a takeaway with your family, friends, or on your own?

This is another set of information that we could include in our documentary somewhere. As with most questions, the person is required to choose what that would 'usually' or 'prefer' to do, as adding more options to cater for every possible answer would've made the results difficult to read and somewhat less useful and less interesting to the target audience. As the majority of people said that they ate a takeaway with their friends or family, it would be a good idea for us to interview people with their friends or family (for example, in pairs) to support this idea of having a takeaway being a social activity.  

Question 10: What type of takeaway is your least favourite?

This question was essentially a mirror of question three (what type of takeaway is your favourite?) but we felt it was still relevant: in question three people were only asked to choose which takeaway they preferred the most - with this question we are also able to see the least popular type of takeaway also. The results in a way mirrored those of question three, with 'Chinese' gaining no votes as the least favourite and supporting the idea that it is the target audience's takeaway of choice. On the other hand, 'Mexican', 'English' and 'Thai' took up the majority of the votes on this question which; like question three; suggests to us that we should make Chinese, Indian, Italian and American food the main focus of our documentary as our questionnaire results show that they are our target audience's favourite types of takeaway.

Question 11: Do you tend to order the same meal every time, or be adventurous?

This is an example of a few questions that we asked the public that are not necessarily related to things that people would particularly think of when the topic of takeaways comes up. As the information that this question provides is not as helpful or interesting to the viewers as other, more obvious questions, it is likely that if we choose this question for inclusion in our documentary we would only ask a few people instead a lot of people for their answer, instead focussing on the questions that will provide us with better and more interesting results. We could potentially include all of the 'smaller' questions such as this in a montage, for example, to provide a lot of information for the viewer without boring them.

Question 12: What is the maximum amount you would spend on a takeaway?

Another question related to finance; we should definitely consider including something about takeaways and finance in our documentary as we have collected much information about the topic. As expected, our target audience of teenagers/students rarely chose higher than the '£16-£25' option, as any more would most likely be deemed too much for a takeaway meal. If I was to do the questionnaire again, I would add another option, in between the '£16-£25' and '£26-£35' options, splitting the two options into three to get a more realistic and reliable view on results. This is another question that we could potentially ask people for inclusion in our documentary.   

Question 13: Do you buy a drink with your takeaway?

Again, this is a question that may not be of particular interest to our target audience, but that we could still include in our documentary briefly; perhaps with just one or two people giving an answer for the question. We could also link this and other questions with other questions to provide a more interesting show of information for our viewers: for example, we could link this question with 'question eight: do special offers with takeaways tempt you?' - they would not be particularly good stand-alone questions to ask but by combining them they could provide us with helpful information to present to our viewers.

Question 14: Do you usually order a takeaway on a weekday or at the weekend?

We felt that this was a simple but essential question to ask our audience. As most people said that they order their takeaways at the weekend, it would be wise for us to go out and interview people in the public at the weekend, as this would have a higher chance of presenting us with opportunities to ask people things like what takeaways they plan to have on that particular day. Public places will most likely be busier with more places open on a weekend, and the results of this question helped to make us see that the desirable time for us to go and interview people would be at a weekend. We could also include the results of this question in our actual documentary. 

Question 15: Generally, are you satisfied with the takeaways that you get?

The results for this question show that generally, our target audience is satisfied with and likes their takeaways. This shows that it is a good topic for a documentary, as something that our target audience likes and is satisfied with would be a good thing to make a documentary about as it will be interesting and relevant for them. This is another question that we could ask people when we go out to interview them.

Question 16: If you were on your own, would you choose a takeaway over cooking a meal yourself?

This was one of the questions that had the biggest mix in results. As a result, we cannot draw any facts from it but it provides us with a mixed argument of unbiased opinions. To keep our documentary interesting for the viewer, it would be better for us to provide them with a variety of different things such as different opinions, and as a result we should consider asking this when we go and do our interviews as much like it did in the questionnaire, it should provide us with a varied outcome. It is essential that we show different opinions on things in our documentary, as we are not biased towards or against takeaways in any way, we are completely neutral so to be as professional as possible.

Question 17: Do you order a takeaway in the day or at night?

This was another question that does not provide information of particular use or interest to the viewer, but could be useful to us and could still be mentioned in our documentary. As most people said that they preferred to have a takeaway in the night, this could work to our advantage when we are interviewing people as we will be doing our interviews in the daytime - as a result we will be able to ask about people's plans for having takeaways later that day. Certain questions such as this one had more obvious answers - we could've probably just assumed that most people order their takeaways in the evening, but we felt it was necessary to check anyway so that we could provide proof to our viewers and make our documentary more professional and reliable. 

Question 18: How often do you watch television?

While most of our questionnaire was about takeaways, we also decided that it was important to ask about the documentary element of what we were to be producing too. The results of this question show that nearly all people that we asked watch television on a regular basis and would likely be interesting in watching our documentary, especially if we attracted them into watching it via inheritance, for example. This question could've been worded slightly better, as 'every couple of days' and 'every few days' are not very specific and difficult to distinguish between - if I were to do the questionnaires again, I would replace these options with things such as 'every two days', 'every three to five days', and 'once a week'.  

Question 19: What would be your preferred font for a documentary?

This was a necessary question in terms of appealing to our target audience. Features such as on-screen graphics and music can easily be added and changed to fit the target audience's preferences. As the majority of people chose the similar basic and cartoon font styles, it is clear that we should definitely use this sort of style in our documentary. We provided people with an example sample of each style of font (seen above) to make sure they knew what they were voting for, and as a result we can trust the results. The 'formal' and 'fancy' font styles did not receive many votes, and as a result we will certainly not use these types of writing in our documentary so to fit the target audience's preferences. 

Question 20: Would you prefer a male or female voice-over in a documentary?

We decided that we would prefer to just have one narrator in our documentary and not multiple narrators, and as a result we saw it fit to just give people a choice between either a male or a female narrator. The 'male' option received the majority of the votes and as a result we will try to use a male narrator over a female one; so to appeal to the target audience's preferences.

Question 21: What genre of music do you think would most match a light hearted documentary?

Again, this was a necessary question for appealing to our audience. The majority of people selected that they would prefer to hear rock or electronic music in our documentary, and as a result we instantly began researching these types of music. We agreed that even before we handed out that questionnaires that what our target audience wanted to see or hear would definitely have a large influence on our decisions, as incorporating our target audience's preferences into our documentary would make it more appealing, interesting, and enjoyable to them.

Question 22: What would be your preferred colour for the graphics of a documentary?

The final question was another that asked for our target audience's opinions on something - in this case, the colour of the on-screen graphics including text. Instead of just asking what the person's favourite colour was, we asked what their preferred colour for a documentary's graphics were as just knowing what their favourite colour was would've provided us with less useful and more random results. Over half of the votes went to black and white, so we will be sure to use black or white (or both) graphics in our documentary whilst certainly avoiding colours such as yellow, which didn't receive any votes.

Initial Planning of our Documentary

After considering all of our suitable options, we finally decided on basing our documentary on the topic of takeaways. We chose this topic as we feel it is something that most people experience in everyday life and as we felt that it would be easy to collect information on this topic and that we would also be able to easily find many people to interview due to the large number of takeaway shops in the area.

After some discussion, we decided that takeaways would be a suitable and practical thing to base our documentary on.

Before we chose how we were scheduling our documentary, we learned some key terms related to the scheduling of documentaries. 

Inheritance - Putting a show such as a documentary on after a popular show such as Coronation Street - in doing so, people may feel obliged to leave the channel on and the documentary can 'inherit' the audience of the more popular show.

Pre Echo - Works in the opposite way to inheritance; a documentary could be put on before a popular show such as Coronation Street. The audience waiting to watch Coronation Street may turn the channel on early so to not miss the start of Coronation Street, and in doing so may end up watching part of or the entire documentary.

Hammocking - A sort of combination of inheritance and pre echo, where a documentary can be sandwiched in between two popular programmes on a channel and may gain extra viewers via both or either of inheritance and pre echo, and also viewers who leave the channel on after the first show as they wish to watch the second popular programme.

We also were familiarised with the types of documentary featured on different British television channels.  

BBC1 - Family aimed documentaries 

BBC2 - Educational documentaries (more explicit and less suitable for children than documentaries on BBC1)

ITV1 - Friendlier, less serious family aimed documentaries than the ones on BBC1.

Channel 4 - Documentaries aimed at students and younger people.

Channel 5 - Family aimed documentaries.

We then had to select the information for the scheduling of our takeaways documentary. We decided that our documentary would be called Tastes Like Teen Spirit and that our target audience would primarily be teenagers and students. The title of our documentary is a take on the world-famous song 'Smells Like Teen Spirit' by Nirvana, and we felt that this would be a good title as it will appeal to our target audience of teenagers and students - who will most likely be aware of the song - and most people would understand the play on words used in the title which could attract them towards watching it. We decided that our documentary would be shown on Channel 4 on a Thursday at 20:00. This would sandwich our documentary in between the seven o'clock Channel 4 news and Educating Essex, a documentary. We decided that this scheduling would be effective as our documentary's target audience is students and teenagers, much like Channel 4's target audience for their documentaries. We decided that 20:00 would be a good time for our documentary to be broadcast as it is a time when we believe that a large number of young people would be watching television, and it is just after the Channel 4 news which could attract viewers, including possibly older viewers whom we could receive views from via inheritance. We felt that Thursday would be a good day as much of our target audience would probably be at home in relation to on a Friday or a weekend where they would most likely be out or socialising instead of watching television. 

   

Initial Documentary Ideas

After being designated my group, we had a large discussion to brainstorm possible ideas for the topic of our documentary. We created a long list of ideas - some with sub-ideas and other ideas that we linked to them when they were suggested attached to them and then set about choosing our topic from the list we had created. This initial list of ideas can be seen here.

• Concerts (or music festivals)
• Sport (different types of sport, fair play in sport, prejudice in sport, etc.)
• The elderly
• Teenagers
• Prejudice (racism, hair colour, sexism, etc.)
• Social networking (dangers)
• Holidays
• Accents (regional, international, etc.)
• Holidays
• Public transport (trains, buses, local, etc.)
• Shoes
• Fashion (different generations of fashion)
• Music (different eras of music, different types of music)
• Tea and coffee
• Television and film (different eras and types of television)
• Games (different genres and eras, the evolution of games)
• Allergies
• Fruit and vegetables
• Technology (iPods, phones, computers)
• Recycling (land refill sites)
• Drugs (legal and illegal) 
• Sleep (dreams)
• Clubbing (underage)
• Birthdays
• Parties (occasions celebration)
• Body-building (gyms)
• Takeaways (fast/junk food)
• Christmas (beliefs)
• Sandwiches (lunches)
• Money (finance)
• Drinking (alcohol)
• 3D (television and other technology)
• Obesity/anorexia 
• Cinemas (film)
• Pets (animals)
• Pies (bakeries)
• Phobias
• Obsessions (stalking, paedophilia) 
• Stereotypes
• Tattoos and piercings
• Plants (trees)
• Food (different types of food, cultural food)
• Shopping (for various different things, for example clothes or food)
• Seasons (what changes in separate seasons)
• College life
• Litter (and recycling)
• Comic books (old and new - history)
• The human body (different aspects of the body, differences between people and genders)
• Laughter (emotions)
• Feet (certain parts of the body)
• Water (liquid, hydration)
• The high street (differences between countries, regions, etc.)
• Relationships (differences in cultures, mutual relationships)
• Gambling (betting)
• Ghosts (beliefs, otherworldly beings)
• Paper
• Make up
• China
• Time 
• Mediums (religion)
• Idols (role models)
• Halloween (annual events)
• Fireworks (dangers)
• Religion

Codes and Conventions of the Documentary Genre

After watching a number of different documentaries, I was able to summarise what the different codes and conventions of the documentary genre were; things that were present in all or at least most documentaries ranging from features of interviews to graphics. By listing these, I would be able to use my list as a sort of check-list for when I was producing my own documentary - by using a large amount of codes and conventions that are featured in professional documentaries, I would be able to make my own documentary appear to be more professional. The list of codes and conventions of the documentary genre that I produced can be seen here.  

• Interviews
• Variation of camera angles
• Voice of God; the influence of the narrator on the audience
• Cutaways
• Reconstructions of a particular event in relation to the topic of documentary
• Archive Footage
• Trend/Themes that are explored within the narrative
• Linear Narrative to make it easy to understand
• Leaves question for the audience to answer
• Music Bed throughout certain sections of the documentary
• Credits/Titles to introduce the documentary or an interviewee in an interview
• Graphics 
• Diegetic/Non Diegetic sound
• Audience never hear questions asked
• Dramatisation
• The interviewee never looks into the camera. Always at interviewer.
• Argument/Conflict that usually strengthens in the middle
• Snappy transitions
• Alters position of each interviewee
• Camera angles often used to inflict opinion
• Shot on location
• Graphic's font and colour doesn't distract from the subject.
• Font of graphic often relates to the documentaries theme.
• Each person is introduced
• Use of Green screens or projected background
• Clear Narrative
• Interviews always interrupted to make it interesting
• Vox Pops: The voice of the community
• Actual Footage
• Match on Action
• Fact against opinion
• Sound effects
• Influencing camera angles
• No questions answered on screen
• Rule of thirds
• Eyeline Match
• Continuety editing
• Dramatisation
• Montage of clips (usually at the beginning of the narrative)
• Experts as evidence
• Observations
• Witnesses
• Ambient sound of surrounding environment
• Unbiased opinion through the exposition
• Variety of interviews to display the different opinions
• Graphics at the bottom of the screen; easy to read and not distracting

Documentary Analysis - Steven Gerrard: Centurion

The next documentary that I chose to analyse was Steven Gerrard: Centurion. The documentary documents the career of English footballer Steven Gerrard and was released when he scored his 100th goal for Liverpool FC in 2008, covering how he had reached that milestone and his career as a Liverpool FC player so far in general.

Liverpool FC and England legend Steven Gerrard celebrates scoring his 100th Liverpool goal against PSV Eindhoven in 2008. This milestone is the primary focus of Steven Gerrard: Centurion.

Type of Documentary

Steven Gerrard: Centurion is a mixed documentary, and includes many features commonly found in documentaries of this type; archive footage, interviews, cutaways and a voice over are all present. The voice over also acts as the interviewer, and unlike in most documentaries that interviewer can actually be heard speaking to the interviewee.

Archive footage played a pivotal role in the documentary, as the main focus of the documentary was to be a retrospective of Steven's career so far, with archive footage used whenever possible mixed in with interviews, cutaways and voice overs to give examples.

Themes

Themes in Steven Gerrard: Centurion include Steven Gerrard and his career and goals, Liverpool FC, football in general, records (such as scoring records), and success. Most of these themes can be linked to each other and they seamlessly merge into one another.

Gerrard, Liverpool FC, football, success and records were also central themes of Steven Gerrard: Centurion - all of these topics link together well to make for a clean and polished feel to the documentary which viewers would find appealing.

Narrative Structure

Steven Gerrard: Centurion has a linear narrative with a clear beginning, middle and end, like almost all documentaries of this type. The beginning of the documentary gives and introduction to what is going to be covered in the rest of the documentary as well as the story behind Steven's 100th Liverpool FC goal. The middle of the documentary contains the bulk of the footage, going through different goals and situations (such as the 2005 Champion's League Final) and using archive footage and interviews with various people to back up the stories being told to create a retrospective view on Steven's career. The end of the documentary acts as a conclusion, with Steven discussing any future targets (for example; what trophies he would like to win in the future and future goal milestones), leaving the narrative open for the interpretation of the viewer who is left to decide what is next for Steven after this monumental achievement. 

Interviews with people such as fellow Liverpool FC legend Jamie Carragher (above) were used to break up the archive footage and to help tell stories of Steven's career to help lead the narrative. In the middle of the documentary, many different topics were focussed on and in theory these topics could've come in any order as many do not lead on from one another, meaning that the narrative is not truly linear.

Camera Work

Close ups were used in interviews to bring attention to who was speaking and what they were saying. Big close ups and extreme close ups were used on Steven Gerrard to draw even more attention towards him and to make him seem more important than everyone else that was interviewed in the documentary. Sometimes, pans and zooms were also used when looking at Steven. Shots were also apparent in archive footage: footage from football games included extreme long shots and long shots of the pitch and the crowd, tracking shots of players to draw focus to them, and also zoom and pan shots to draw attention to certain things or to show a vista within the football ground.

Zoom, pan, and close up shots were mainly used on Steven Gerrard to make him stand out from the rest of the interviewees to make him appear to be more important and significant than them.

Long shots were used from within matches to show a lot on screen at one time: for example, in this shot nearly all of both teams as well as much of the crowd, the goal, and the ball can all be seen in one shot with it still being clear what is going on in the shot.

Mise-en-Scené

During interviews, a quite ordinary background was used to help draw attention towards the speaker and their words. The background was black with a red tint, which was topical as red is the traditional colour of Liverpool FC. In the background of Steven, a liver bird - the traditional symbol of both the city of Liverpool and Liverpool FC could be seen which also represented Liverpool and Steven's connection with it and made Steven stand out from the rest of the interviewees. In archive footage, many things could often be seen on screen at once (such as in the image above) to give the viewer a realistic understanding of what was happening in the shot and close ups in archive footage showed things such as various player's reactions to things. People were also seen to be wearing significant clothing in interviews - for example, then-Liverpool FC manager Rafael Benitez is seen wearing a Liverpool FC tracksuit whilst football pundit Martin Tyler is seen wearing smart work clothes which reflects his role.

An image of the traditional mascot of Liverpool - the liver bird - could be seen behind only Steven which created a connection between him and the image and made him stand out more from the other interviewees, as he should do.

Sound

Diegetic sound was present in Steven Gerrard: Centurion. This included interviews and the voice over/narrator; who spoke in an official and relevant voice. Ambient and natural sound from football matches and events in archive footage was also present, such as the crowd cheering. Non-diegetic sound mainly from within archive footage was also included, in the form of commentary. Relevant music was also used in the documentary; fast, electronic music was used during fast paced montages of clips whereas more epic music such as orchestrated music was used to back more intense and epic circumstances; such as cup finals.

Editing

Cutaway shots were frequently used during Steven Gerrard: Centurion, with some including facts during them to help break up the action whilst still providing the viewer with some interesting information. Fast and slow paced editing were both used, depending on what was being shown on screen - for example, fast paced editing was used during montages and slow paced editing was used during interviews. Montages of goals and other footage were also frequently used in the documentary. Certain images were edited so that they were made to look red or have a red tint, which was relevant to the theme of Liverpool FC as their traditional colour is red. Slow motion was also used to bring extra attention to certain things such as shots and goals.

Montages usually consisting of archive footage were used as cutaways to split up the action on screen to keep the experience varied and consistently interesting for the viewer.

Archive Material

Footage from football matches was the most obvious use of archive footage, with goals, celebrations, assists and general footage of Steven and Liverpool FC playing were used frequently throughout the documentary. Footage of pre and post match analysis was also used, such as the presentations of trophies and warm ups. Some interviews were also examples of archive footage. Archived sound such as commentary was also used in Steven Gerrard: Centurion. 

Archive footage from sources such as the BBC and ITV archives was used to help create a more realistic retrospective of Steven Gerrard's career by showing footage of him from throughout his career; for example, this particular image is a screen grab of a piece of footage from 2001.

Graphics

As with almost all documentaries, white text on a black background was used as it stood out without it being too distracting. Some images were made to be red or have a red tint which made them relevant to the theme of Liverpool FC. A graphics was also used to introduce each new section so that the viewer did not lose track of the narrative. Blurs were also used on in-match graphics to merge two shots together.

A montage of clips followed by graphic like this one was used to introduce each new section to the viewer. 

Documentary Analysis - 'Marketing Movies'

The next documentary that I analysed was Marketing Movies. The documentary was part of series focusing on how movies were marketed, using popular examples to help lead the narrative. Marketing Movies discussed many things related to the production of a movie in relation to the promotion of it, using the 1997 film 'Mouse Hunt' as it's main example - the narrative followed 'Mouse Hunt' through to it's release, showing how it was marketed in more ways than just on the screen.

1997 family movie 'Mouse Hunt' was used as the main example in Marketing Movies - this made it suitable for all ages as, for example, if a more explicit film was used as an example it may be unsuitable for younger viewers - 'Mouse Hunt' is rated PG, making it suitable for younger viewers as long as they are accompanied by an adult.

Type Of Documentary
Marketing Movies is a mixed documentary. Like nearly all documentaries of this type, it includes codes and conventions such as the use of archive material, interviews, exposition, observations and footage on location.

Themes
Themes within Marketing Movies included the marketing of films and other media, advertisement and promotion, success and what people within the industry have to do to gain it, and appealing to different audiences. 'Mouse Hunt' could also be considered a theme of this documentary, as it is the main example used throughout the documentary and is frequently referred to when almost anything is being discussed.

A theatrical release poster for 'Mouse Hunt'. While the film was discussed during Marketing Movies, most of the focus was on the promotion of the film, with a mention on how a number of different posters similar to this one were produced to keep promotion of the movie varied.

Narrative Structure

As with nearly all mixed documentaries, Marketing Movies has a linear narrative with a clear beginning, middle and end. The narrative followed 'Mouse Hunt' through each of the stages of it's promotion, whilst also making reference to other films to keep the experience varied and more exciting for the viewer. The beginning of the documentary discusses the various ways in which a movie can be marketed, discussing promotional material such as posters and toys, for example. The middle of the documentary looked at successful films in terms of marketing, and how they had been marketed to make them successful: examples include 'The Little Mermaid' (1989) and 'The Lost World: Jurassic Park' (1997), showing things such as merchandise and teaser trailers; just two examples of how movies can be marketed to an audience. Throughout the discussion of promoting movies, the viewer was presented with the efforts to promote 'Mouse Hunt'. The documentary ends by concluding the promotion of 'Mouse Hunt' without ever giving an outcome; leaving it open for the interpretation of the viewer to decide whether 'Mouse Hunt' would be a success or not.

Different ways in which movies could be marketed to audiences were shown, including this 'The Lost World: Jurassic Park' action figure, made to appeal to a younger audience.

Camera Work

As they often are used, close ups were used to draw emphasis to things; in particular important people in the film industry to make them appear to be more important an powerful to the audience. Zoom shots were also used on these people, to draw the viewer's attention towards what they were saying. Extreme close ups were used on people's hands holding money and cinema tickets, to show the viewer that these were important features in the documentary - the money and tickets representing the financial side of marketing movies and movies in general, respectively. Pan shots were used in shops like the Disney shops to show a vast array of merchandise, to put emphasis on how big an impact this kind of marketing can have on the overall success of the film. Pan shots were also used of film premières, to give the viewer an idea of how big the release of a well marketed movie can potentially be. Low angles were used of important people such as actors at premières to make them appear to be more important and powerful to the viewer.

The presentation of how movies are marketed in Marketing Movies owed a lot to the camera work - pan shots, close ups, and zoom shots were used to draw attention to various ways in which movies can be marketed; for example, the documentary included pan shots and close ups from within the Disney shops to display different merchandise when discussing the commercial success of various films such as 'The Little Mermaid'

Mise-en-Scené

Relevant backgrounds were provided at all times in Marketing Movies. A blue screen was used to create both still images and clips from movies as well as promotional material such as posters and trailers behind interviewees. Location footage from interviews shot on location was also present, including film premières in places such as Leicester square. Shops were also used as a backdrop for interviews, the Disney shop being a prime example. Some interviews and shots were also shot in editing studios, where people could be seen editing footage and trailers.

  Movie premières were used in the background of shots and interviews to remind the viewer of the themes of movies and the successful marketing of movies, with the outcome: things like large premières at places like Leicester square.

  

  Sound

Diegetic sound was used in Marketing Movies; this includes the sound from interviews with ambient sound from on location from where the interview was being shot. A voice-over also led the narrative, in a relevant, official and educational voice. Sound from movies and movie trailers was also present, often as background sound in cutaways. There was also non diegetic music at the start of the documentary, which created a calm and peaceful feel to set up the mood and atmosphere of the documentary. 

Editing

Marketing Movies had slow paced editing, as it was an educational documentary. It also included cutaway shots in between each interview to keep the viewing experience as varied and exciting as possible for the viewer, constantly switching between interviews and archive footage and never staying on the same thing for too long.

Archive Material

Archive material in Marketing Movies mainly revolved around promotional articles from films; these include teaser trailers; such as the teaser trailer for 'The Lost World: Jurassic Park'; actual film footage such as footage from 'Mouse Hunt', interviews with the cast of movies such as the cast of 'Mouse Hunt', footage of movie premières and television advertisements.

                              

The teaser trailer for 'The Lost World: Jurassic Park' was featured in Marketing Movies as an example of archive footage in the documentary. It acted as an example to an aspect of the marketing of movies to viewer; just once instance of an example of something - usually in the form of archive footage - was used to help explain something.

Graphics

As is the case with most documentaries, white graphics were used on a dark background to make them stand out without being too distracting to the viewer - they were used to introduce different people and their roles to the viewer. A graphic was used to introduce each new section to make it clear to the viewer when a new section was starting. A three part structure of social marketing was also included in graphic form.